Main List

<< Back <<

Legend

N	Regular nesting species (283 native species, 10 non-native species)
n	Has nested at least once (not necessarily successfully) but not considered regular (33 species)
n†	Nesting activity has occurred (e.g., nest construction) but is not known to have reached the egg stage, or involved either individual birds or members of hybrid pairs (10 species)
nS or NS	Nesting strongly suspected but never confirmed (4 species)
( )	Indicates former nesting status (5 species)
*	California Bird Records Committee review species (182 species)
I	Introduced; non-native but now established in California (10 species)
E	Extirpated from California (2 species)

For species not supported by curated specimens (96 species):
P	At least one record supported by identifiable photograph (94 species)
V	At least one record supported by identifiable video (24 species)
A	At least one record supported by identifiable audio recording (6 species)
S	Supported only by sight records (3 species)

Click on a highlighted item to go to its page.
If you don’t see the Main List, please scroll down.

ANSERIFORMES – Screamers, Ducks, Geese, and Swans Anatidae – Ducks, Geese, and Swans
	Black-bellied Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis – *
n(N)	Fulvous Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna bicolor
	Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons
	Emperor Goose Chen canagica – *
n	Snow Goose Chen caerulescens
	Ross’s Goose Chen rossii
	Brant Branta bernicla
	Cackling Goose Branta hutchinsii
N	Canada Goose Branta canadensis
	Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator – *P
	Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus
	Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus – *P
N	Wood Duck Aix sponsa
N	Gadwall Anas strepera
	Falcated Duck Anas falcata – *P
	Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope
N	American Wigeon Anas americana
	American Black Duck Anas rubripes – *
N	Mallard Anas platyrhynchos
N	Blue-winged Teal Anas discors
N	Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera
N	Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata
N	Northern Pintail Anas acuta
	Garganey Anas querquedula – *
	Baikal Teal Anas formosa – *
N	Green-winged Teal Anas crecca
N	Canvasback Aythya valisineria
N	Redhead Aythya americana
	Common Pochard Aythya ferina – *P
N	Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris
	Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula
	Greater Scaup Aythya marila
N	Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis
	Steller’s Eider Polysticta stelleri – *P1
	King Eider Somateria spectabilis – *
	Common Eider Somateria mollissima – *P	page H-1
n	Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus
	Surf Scoter Melanitta perspicillata
	White-winged Scoter Melanitta fusca
	Black Scoter Melanitta nigra
	Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis
N	Bufflehead Bucephala albeola
	Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula
n	Barrow’s Goldeneye Bucephala islandica
	Smew Mergellus albellus – *PV
n	Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus
N	Common Merganser Mergus merganser
	Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator
N	Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis
GALLIFORMES – Gallinaceous Birds Phasianidae – Partridges, Grouse, Turkeys, and Old World Quail
N	Chukar Alectoris chukar – I
N	Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus – I
N	Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus
N	Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus
N	White-tailed Ptarmigan Lagopus leucura – IP
N	Sooty Grouse Dendragapus fuliginosus
(N)	Sharp-tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus – E
N	Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo – I

Odontophoridae – New World Quail
N	Mountain Quail Oreortyx pictus
N	California Quail Callipepla californica
N	Gambel’s Quail Callipepla gambelii

GAVIIFORMES – Loons Gaviidae – Loons
	Red-throated Loon Gavia stellata
	Arctic Loon Gavia arctica – *	H-7
	Pacific Loon Gavia pacifica
(n)	Common Loon Gavia immer
	Yellow-billed Loon Gavia adamsii – *	H-7

PODICIPEDIFORMES – Grebes Podicipedidae – Grebes
n	Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus – *
N	Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps
n	Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus
	Red-necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena
N	Eared Grebe Podiceps nigricollis
N	Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis
N	Clark’s Grebe Aechmophorus clarkii

PROCELLARIIFORMES – Tube-nosed Swimmers Diomedeidae – Albatrosses
	Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta – *P
	Light-mantled Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata – *PV
	Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans – *P
	Laysan Albatross Phoebastria immutabilis
	Black-footed Albatross Phoebastria nigripes
	Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastria albatrus – *

Procellariidae – Shearwaters and Petrels
	Northern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis
	Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera – *PV	page 86
	Murphy’s Petrel Pterodroma ultima	page 88
	Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata – *	page 89
	Galapagos/Hawaiian Petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia/P. sandwichensis – *PV	pages 91, H-7
	Cook’s Petrel Pterodroma cookii	page 92
	Stejneger’s Petrel Pterodroma longirostris – *P	pages 94, H-8
	Bulwer’s Petrel Bulweria bulwerii – *P	page 95
	Parkinson’s Petrel Procellaria parkinsoni – *PV	page H-2
	Streaked Shearwater Calonectris leucomelas – *	pages 96, H-8
	Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea – *P	page 97
	Pink-footed Shearwater Puffinus creatopus
	Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes
	Greater Shearwater Puffinus gravis – *P	pages 98, H-8
	Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus – *P	page 99
	Buller’s Shearwater Puffinus bulleri
	Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus
	Short-tailed Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris	page 100
	Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus – *PV	pages 101, H-8
	Black-vented Shearwater Puffinus opisthomelas
	Little Shearwater Puffinus assimilis – *PV	page 104

Hydrobatidae – Storm-Petrels
	Wilson’s Storm-Petrel Oceanites oceanicus	page 105
	Ringed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma hornbyi – *P	page H-3
N	Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma furcata
N	Leach’s Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa
N	Ashy Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma homochroa
	Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma tethys – *	page 107
N	Black Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma melania
	Least Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma microsoma

PELECANIFORMES – Totipalmate Birds Phaethontidae – Tropicbirds

	White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus – *P	page 108
	Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus	page 108
	Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda – *	pages 109, H-8

Sulidae – Boobies and Gannets
	Masked Booby Sula dactylatra – *P	pages 111, 112, H-8
	Blue-footed Booby Sula nebouxii – *	page 113
	Brown Booby Sula leucogaster – *	pages 115, H-8
	Red-footed Booby Sula sula – *	pages 117, H-9

Pelecanidae – Pelicans
N	American White Pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
N	Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis

Phalacrocoracidae – Cormorants
N	Brandt’s Cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus
n†	Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus – *P	page 119
N	Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus
N	Pelagic Cormorant Phalacrocorax pelagicus

Anhingidae – Darters
	Anhinga Anhinga anhinga – *P	pages 120, H-9

Fregatidae – Frigatebirds
	Magnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens	page 121
	Great Frigatebird Fregata minor – *P	page 122
CICONIIFORMES – Herons, Ibises, Storks, American Vultures, and Allies
Ardeidae – Herons, Bitterns, and Allies
N	American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus
N	Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis
N	Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias
N	Great Egret Ardea alba
N	Snowy Egret Egretta thula
N	Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea	page 123
nS	Tricolored Heron Egretta tricolor – *	page 124
	Reddish Egret Egretta rufescens	page 126
N	Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis
N	Green Heron Butorides virescens
N	Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax
n	Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Nyctanassa violacea – *	pages 129, H-9

Threskiornithidae – Ibises and Spoonbills
	White Ibis Eudocimus albus – *	pages 131, H-9
	Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus – *P	pages 132, H-9
N	White-faced Ibis Plegadis chihi
	Roseate Spoonbill Platalea ajaja – *	pages 133, H-9

Ciconiidae – Storks
n†	Wood Stork Mycteria americana

Cathartidae – New World Vultures
	Black Vulture Coragyps atratus – *P	page 135
N	Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura
(N)	California Condor Gymnogyps californianus – E1

FALCONIFORMES – Diurnal Birds of Prey Accipitridae – Hawks, Kites, Eagles, and Allies
N	Osprey Pandion haliaetus
N	White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus
	Mississippi Kite Ictinia mississippiensis – *	pages 136, H-10
N	Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus
N	Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus
N	Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus
N	Cooper’s Hawk Accipiter cooperii
N	Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis
	Common Black-Hawk Buteogallus anthracinus – *P	pages 138, H-10
n(N)	Harris’s Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus – *	page 138
N	Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus
	Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus	page 141
N	Swainson’s Hawk Buteo swainsoni
n	Zone-tailed Hawk Buteo albonotatus	page 142
N	Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis
n	Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis
	Rough-legged Hawk Buteo lagopus
N	Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos

Falconidae – Caracaras and Falcons
	Crested Caracara Caracara cheriway – *PV1	pages 145, H-10
N	American Kestrel Falco sparverius
	Merlin Falco columbarius
	Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus – *	page 148
N	Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus
N	Prairie Falcon Falco mexicanus

GRUIFORMES – Rails, Cranes, and Allies Rallidae – Rails, Gallinules, and Coots
n	Yellow Rail Coturnicops noveboracensis	page 149
N	Black Rail Laterallus jamaicensis
N	Clapper Rail Rallus longirostris
N	Virginia Rail Rallus limicola
N	Sora Porzana carolina
	Purple Gallinule Porphyrio martinica – *	page 151
N	Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus
N	American Coot Fulica americana

Gruidae – Cranes
N	Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis

CHARADRIIFORMES – Shorebirds, Gulls, Auks, and Allies Charadriidae – Lapwings and Plovers
	Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola
	American Golden-Plover Pluvialis dominica – *	pages 152, H-10
	Pacific Golden-Plover Pluvialis fulva
	Lesser Sand-Plover Charadrius mongolus – *P	pages 153, H-11
	Greater Sand-Plover Charadrius leschenaultii – *PV	page 156
N	Snowy Plover Charadrius alexandrinus
n	Wilson’s Plover Charadrius wilsonia – *	pages 157, H-11
n	Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus
	Piping Plover Charadrius melodus – *P	pages 158, H-11
N	Killdeer Charadrius vociferus
	Mountain Plover Charadrius montanus
	Eurasian Dotterel Charadrius morinellus – *PV	page 159

Haematopodidae – Oystercatchers
nS	American Oystercatcher Haematopus palliatus – *	pages 160, H-11
N	Black Oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani

Recurvirostridae – Stilts and Avocets
N	Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus
N	American Avocet Recurvirostra americana

Scolopacidae – Sandpipers, Phalaropes, and Allies
	Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus – *PV	page 166
N	Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius
	Solitary Sandpiper Tringa solitaria
	Gray-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes – *P	page 164
	Wandering Tattler Tringa incana
	Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus – *P	page 164
	Greater Yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca
	Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia – *PV	page 163
N	Willet Tringa semipalmata
	Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes
	Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda – *	pages 167, H-11
	Little Curlew Numenius minutus – *P	page 169
	Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus
	Bristle-thighed Curlew Numenius tahitiensis – *PV	page 170
N	Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus
	Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica – *P1	pages 170, H-11
	Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica – *	pages 172, H-11
	Marbled Godwit Limosa fedoa
	Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres
	Black Turnstone Arenaria melanocephala
	Surfbird Aphriza virgata
	Red Knot Calidris canutus
	Sanderling Calidris alba
	Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla	page 174
	Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri
	Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis – *P	pages 175, H-12
	Little Stint Calidris minuta – *	pages 177, H-12
	Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta – *P	page 178
	Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla
	White-rumped Sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis – *	pages 178, H-12
	Baird’s Sandpiper Calidris bairdii
	Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos
	Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata	page 180
	Rock Sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis
	Dunlin Calidris alpina
	Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea – *	pages 181, H-12
	Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus
	Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis	page 183
	Ruff Philomachus pugnax	page 186
	Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus
	Long-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus
	Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus – *	page 188
N	Wilson’s Snipe Gallinago delicata
	American Woodcock Scolopax minor – *P2	pages 189, H-12
N	Wilson’s Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor
	Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus
	Red Phalarope Phalaropus fulicarius

Laridae – Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers
n	Laughing Gull Larus atricilla
n	Franklin’s Gull Larus pipixcan
	Little Gull Larus minutus – *	pages 190, H-12
	Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus – *P	pages 193, H-12
	Bonaparte’s Gull Larus philadelphia
n	Heermann’s Gull Larus heermanni
	Belcher’s Gull Larus belcheri – *PV	page 196
	Black-tailed Gull Larus crassirostris – *	page 197
	Mew Gull Larus canus
N	Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis
N	California Gull Larus californicus
	Herring Gull Larus argentatus
	Thayer’s Gull Larus thayeri
	Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides – *P	pages 198, H-12
	Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus – *PV	pages 200, H-12
	Slaty-backed Gull Larus schistisagus – *PV	page H-4
	Yellow-footed Gull Larus livens
N	Western Gull Larus occidentalis
n†	Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens
	Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus
	Sabine’s Gull Xema sabini
	Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla
	Red-legged Kittiwake Rissa brevirostris – *	page 202
	Swallow-tailed Gull Creagrus furcatus – *P	page 202
	Ross’s Gull Rhodostethia rosea – *P	page H-5
	Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea – *P	page 203
n	Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus – *	page 206
	Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus – *S	page 205
N	Least Tern Sternula antillarum
N	Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica
N	Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia
N	Black Tern Chlidonias niger
	White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus – *PV	page 207
	Common Tern Sterna hirundo
n†	Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea
N	Forster’s Tern Sterna forsteri
N	Royal Tern Thalasseus maximus
N	Elegant Tern Thalasseus elegans
n†	Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis – *P	page 204
N	Black Skimmer Rynchops niger	page 209

Stercorariidae – Skuas
	South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormicki
	Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus
	Parasitic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus
	Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus	page 189

Alcidae – Auks, Murres, and Puffins
N	Common Murre Uria aalge
	Thick-billed Murre Uria lomvia – *	pages 210, H-29
N	Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba
	Long-billed Murrelet Brachyramphus perdix – *	pages 212, H-29
N	Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus
	Kittlitz’s Murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris – *	page 213
N	Xantus’s Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
	Craveri’s Murrelet Synthliboramphus craveri	page 214
	Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus
N	Cassin’s Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus
	Parakeet Auklet Aethia psittacula – *	page 214
	Least Auklet Aethia pusilla – *	page 216
	Crested Auklet Aethia cristatella – *	page 217
N	Rhinoceros Auklet Cerorhinca monocerata
	Horned Puffin Fratercula corniculata	page 217
N	Tufted Puffin Fratercula cirrhata
COLUMBIFORMES – Pigeons and Doves Columbidae – Pigeons and Doves
N	Rock Pigeon (Feral Pigeon) Columba livia – I
N	Band-tailed Pigeon Patagioenas fasciata
	Oriental Turtle-Dove Streptopelia orientalis – *PV	page 218
N	Eurasian Collared-Dove Streptopelia decaocto – I	page 219
N	Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis – I
N	White-winged Dove Zenaida asiatica
N	Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura
N	Inca Dove Columbina inca
N	Common Ground-Dove Columbina passerina
n	Ruddy Ground-Dove Columbina talpacoti	page 220

PSITTACIFORMES – Parrots Psittacidae – Lories, Parakeets, Macaws, and Parrots
N	Red-crowned Parrot Amazona viridigenalis – I	page 223

CUCULIFORMES – Cuckoos and Allies Cuculidae – Cuckoos, Roadrunners, and Anis
N	Yellow-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus americanus
	Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus erythropthalmus – *	page 223
N	Greater Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus
	Groove-billed Ani Crotophaga sulcirostris – *P	page 281

STRIGIFORMES – Owls Tytonidae – Barn Owls
N	Barn Owl Tyto alba

Strigidae – Typical Owls
N	Flammulated Owl Otus flammeolus
N	Western Screech-Owl Megascops kennicottii
N	Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus
	Snowy Owl Bubo scandiacus – *	pages 282, H-29
N	Northern Pygmy-Owl Glaucidium gnoma
n	Elf Owl Micrathene whitneyi
N	Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia
N	Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis
N	Barred Owl Strix varia	page 284
N	Great Gray Owl Strix nebulosa
N	Long-eared Owl Asio otus
N	Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus
N	Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus

CAPRIMULGIFORMES – Goatsuckers, Oilbirds, and Allies Caprimulgidae – Goatsuckers
N	Lesser Nighthawk Chordeiles acutipennis
N	Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor
N	Common Poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii
	Chuck-will’s-widow Caprimulgus carolinensis – *	pages 285, H-29
	Buff-collared Nightjar Caprimulgus ridgwayi – *	page 286
NS	Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus	page 286
APODIFORMES – Swifts and Hummingbirds Apodidae – Swifts
N	Black Swift Cypseloides niger
	White-collared Swift Streptoprocne zonaris – *S	page 287
n	Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica	page 287
N	Vaux’s Swift Chaetura vauxi
N	White-throated Swift Aeronautes saxatalis

Trochilidae – Hummingbirds
	Green Violet-ear Colibri thalassinus – *P	page H-6
	Broad-billed Hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris – *P	pages 289, H-29
n†	Xantus’s Hummingbird Hylocharis xantusii – *P	page 292
	Violet-crowned Hummingbird Amazilia violiceps – *P	pages 292, H-29
n†	Blue-throated Hummingbird Lampornis clemenciae – *P	page 293
	Magnificent Hummingbird Eugenes fulgens – *P	pages 293, H-29
	Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris – *	pages 294, H-29
N	Black-chinned Hummingbird Archilochus alexandri
N	Anna’s Hummingbird Calypte anna
N	Costa’s Hummingbird Calypte costae
N	Calliope Hummingbird Stellula calliope
N	Broad-tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus
n	Rufous Hummingbird Selasphorus rufus
N	Allen’s Hummingbird Selasphorus sasin
CORACIIFORMES – Rollers, Motmots, Kingfishers, and Allies Alcedinidae – Kingfishers
N	Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon
PICIFORMES – Puffbirds, Jacamars, Toucans, Woodpeckers, and Allies Picidae – Woodpeckers and Allies
N	Lewis’s Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis
	Red-headed Woodpecker Melanerpes erythrocephalus – *	page 295
N	Acorn Woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus
N	Gila Woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis
N	Williamson’s Sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus
	Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius	see note at bottom of page 42
N	Red-naped Sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis
N	Red-breasted Sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber
N	Ladder-backed Woodpecker Picoides scalaris
N	Nuttall’s Woodpecker Picoides nuttallii
N	Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens
N	Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus
N	White-headed Woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus
N	Black-backed Woodpecker Picoides arcticus
N	Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus
N	Gilded Flicker Colaptes chrysoides
N	Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus
PASSERIFORMES – Passerine Birds Tyrannidae – Tyrant Flycatchers
N	Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi
	Greater Pewee Contopus pertinax – *	pages 296, H-29
N	Western Wood-Pewee Contopus sordidulus
	Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens – *PA	pages 298, H-30
	Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris – *	pages 299, H-30
	Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum – *	pages 301, H-30
N	Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii
n	Least Flycatcher Empidonax minimus	page 302
N	Hammond’s Flycatcher Empidonax hammondii
N	Gray Flycatcher Empidonax wrightii
N	Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri
N	Pacific-slope Flycatcher Empidonax difficilis
N	Cordilleran Flycatcher Empidonax occidentalis
N	Black Phoebe Sayornis nigricans
	Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe	page 303
N	Say’s Phoebe Sayornis saya
N	Vermilion Flycatcher Pyrocephalus rubinus
	Dusky-capped Flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer – *	pages 304, H-30
N	Ash-throated Flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens
	Nutting’s Flycatcher Myiarchus nuttingi – *PVA	page 307
	Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus – *	page 307
N	Brown-crested Flycatcher Myiarchus tyrannulus
	Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher Myiodynastes luteiventris – *PV	pages 309, H-30
	Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus
	Couch’s Kingbird Tyrannus couchii – *PA	page 310
N	Cassin’s Kingbird Tyrannus vociferans
	Thick-billed Kingbird Tyrannus crassirostris – *PVA	pages 311, H-30
N	Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis
n	Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus
n†	Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus forficatus	page 312
	Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana – *P	pages 316, H-30

Laniidae – Shrikes
	Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus – *P1	page 318
N	Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus
	Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor

Vireonidae – Vireos
	White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus – *PA	pages 319, H-30
N	Bell’s Vireo Vireo bellii
N	Gray Vireo Vireo vicinior
	Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons – *	pages 321, H-31
N	Plumbeous Vireo Vireo plumbeus
N	Cassin’s Vireo Vireo cassinii
	Blue-headed Vireo Vireo solitarius – *	pages 324, H-31
N	Hutton’s Vireo Vireo huttoni
N	Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus
	Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus	page 326
n	Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus	page 330
	Yellow-green Vireo Vireo flavoviridis – *	page 331

Corvidae – Crows and Jays
N	Gray Jay Perisoreus canadensis
N	Steller’s Jay Cyanocitta stelleri
	Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata – *	pages 334, H-31
N	Island Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma insularis
N	Western Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma californica
N	Pinyon Jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
N	Clark’s Nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana
N	Black-billed Magpie Pica hudsonia
N	Yellow-billed Magpie Pica nuttalli
N	American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos
N	Common Raven Corvus corax

Alaudidae – Larks
	Sky Lark Alauda arvensis – *P	page 334
N	Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris

Hirundinidae – Swallows
N	Purple Martin Progne subis
N	Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor
N	Violet-green Swallow Tachycineta thalassina
N	Northern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis
N	Bank Swallow Riparia riparia
N	Cliff Swallow Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
	Cave Swallow Petrochelidon fulva – *P	page 335
N	Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica

Paridae – Chickadees and Titmice
N	Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus
N	Mountain Chickadee Poecile gambeli
N	Chestnut-backed Chickadee Poecile rufescens
N	Oak Titmouse Baeolophus inornatus
N	Juniper Titmouse Baeolophus ridgwayi

Remizidae – Penduline Tits and Verdins
N	Verdin Auriparus flaviceps

Aegithalidae – Long-tailed Tits and Bushtits
N	Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus

Sittidae – Nuthatches
N	Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis
N	White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis
N	Pygmy Nuthatch Sitta pygmaea

Certhiidae – Creepers
N	Brown Creeper Certhia americana

Troglodytidae – Wrens
N	Cactus Wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
N	Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus
N	Canyon Wren Catherpes mexicanus
N	Bewick’s Wren Thryomanes bewickii
N	House Wren Troglodytes aedon
N	Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes
	Sedge Wren Cistothorus platensis – *PA	pages 336, H-31
N	Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris

Cinclidae – Dippers
N	American Dipper Cinclus mexicanus

Regulidae – Kinglets
N	Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa
N	Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula

Sylviidae – Old World Warblers and Gnatcatchers
	Lanceolated Warbler Locustella lanceolata – *P	page 337
	Dusky Warbler Phylloscopus fuscatus – *	pages 338, H-31
	Arctic Warbler Phylloscopus borealis – *P	pages 339, H-31
N	Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea
N	California Gnatcatcher Polioptila californica
N	Black-tailed Gnatcatcher Polioptila melanura

Muscicapidae – Old World Flycatchers
	Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla – *P	page H-6

Turdidae – Thrushes
	Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus – *P	page 340
	Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe – *	page 340
	Stonechat Saxicola torquatus – *P	page 342
N	Western Bluebird Sialia mexicana
N	Mountain Bluebird Sialia currucoides
N	Townsend’s Solitaire Myadestes townsendi
	Veery Catharus fuscescens – *P1	pages 342, H-31
	Gray-cheeked Thrush Catharus minimus – *	page 343
N	Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus
N	Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus
	Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina – *	pages 345, H-31
	Eyebrowed Thrush Turdus obscurus – *PV	page 346
	Rufous-backed Robin Turdus rufopalliatus – *P	pages 347, H-32
N	American Robin Turdus migratorius
N	Varied Thrush Ixoreus naevius

Timaliidae – Babblers
N	Wrentit Chamaea fasciata

Mimidae – Mockingbirds and Thrashers
	Gray Catbird Dumetella carolinensis	page 348
N	Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos
N	Sage Thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus
	Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum	page 351
N	Bendire’s Thrasher Toxostoma bendirei
	Curve-billed Thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre – *	pages 352, H-32
N	California Thrasher Toxostoma redivivum
N	Crissal Thrasher Toxostoma crissale
N	Le Conte’s Thrasher Toxostoma lecontei

Sturnidae – Starlings
N	European Starling Sturnus vulgaris – I

Motacillidae – Wagtails and Pipits
	Eastern Yellow Wagtail Motacilla tschutschensis – *P	pages 353, H-32
	Gray Wagtail Motacilla cinerea – *P	page 354
	White Wagtail Motacilla alba – *P	page 355
	Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni – *P	page 358
	Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus	page 359
N	American Pipit Anthus rubescens
	Sprague’s Pipit Anthus spragueii – *	page 363, H-32

Bombycillidae – Waxwings
	Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus
N	Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum

Ptilogonatidae – Silky-flycatchers
N	Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens

Parulidae – Wood-Warblers
	Blue-winged Warbler Vermivora pinus – *	pages 365, 369, H-32
	Golden-winged Warbler Vermivora chrysoptera – *	pages 367, 369
	Tennessee Warbler Vermivora peregrina
N	Orange-crowned Warbler Vermivora celata
N	Nashville Warbler Vermivora ruficapilla
N	Virginia’s Warbler Vermivora virginiae
N	Lucy’s Warbler Vermivora luciae
n	Northern Parula Parula americana	page 369
N	Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia
	Chestnut-sided Warbler Dendroica pensylvanica	page 370
	Magnolia Warbler Dendroica magnolia	page 371
	Cape May Warbler Dendroica tigrina	page 371
	Black-throated Blue Warbler Dendroica caerulescens	page 372
N	Yellow-rumped Warbler Dendroica coronata
N	Black-throated Gray Warbler Dendroica nigrescens
	Golden-cheeked Warbler Dendroica chrysoparia – *	page 373
	Black-throated Green Warbler Dendroica virens	page 373
	Townsend’s Warbler Dendroica townsendi
N	Hermit Warbler Dendroica occidentalis
	Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica fusca	page 374
n†	Yellow-throated Warbler Dendroica dominica – *	pages 375, H-32
	Grace’s Warbler Dendroica graciae – *	pages 378, H-32
	Pine Warbler Dendroica pinus – *	pages 380, H-32
	Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor	page 383
	Palm Warbler Dendroica palmarum	see note at bottom of page 42
	Bay-breasted Warbler Dendroica castanea	page 384
	Blackpoll Warbler Dendroica striata
	Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea – *	pages 384, H-33
	Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia
n	American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla
	Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea	page 385
	Worm-eating Warbler Helmitheros vermivorum – *	page 388
	Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla	page 391
	Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracensis
	Louisiana Waterthrush Seiurus motacilla – *	pages 392, H-33
	Kentucky Warbler Oporornis formosus	page 393
	Connecticut Warbler Oporornis agilis – *	pages 396, H-33
	Mourning Warbler Oporornis philadelphia – *	page 399
N	MacGillivray’s Warbler Oporornis tolmiei
N	Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas
n	Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina	page 403
N	Wilson’s Warbler Wilsonia pusilla
	Canada Warbler Wilsonia canadensis	page 405
	Red-faced Warbler Cardellina rubrifrons – *	pages 405, H-33
n	Painted Redstart Myioborus pictus	page 406
N	Yellow-breasted Chat Icteria virens

Thraupidae – Tanagers
N	Hepatic Tanager Piranga flava	page 407
N	Summer Tanager Piranga rubra
	Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea – *	pages 408, H-33
N	Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana

Emberizidae – Emberizids
N	Green-tailed Towhee Pipilo chlorurus
N	Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus
N	California Towhee Pipilo crissalis
N	Abert’s Towhee Pipilo aberti
	Cassin’s Sparrow Aimophila cassinii – *	pages 412, H-33
N	Rufous-crowned Sparrow Aimophila ruficeps
	American Tree Sparrow Spizella arborea
N	Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina
	Clay-colored Sparrow Spizella pallida	page 414
N	Brewer’s Sparrow Spizella breweri
	Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla – *P	pages 415, H-33
N	Black-chinned Sparrow Spizella atrogularis
N	Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus
N	Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus
N	Black-throated Sparrow Amphispiza bilineata
N	Sage Sparrow Amphispiza belli
n	Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys
N	Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis
N	Grasshopper Sparrow Ammodramus savannarum
	Baird’s Sparrow Ammodramus bairdii – *	page 416
	Le Conte’s Sparrow Ammodramus leconteii – *	page 417
	Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow Ammodramus nelsoni	page 418
N	Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca
N	Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia
N	Lincoln’s Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii
	Swamp Sparrow Melospiza georgiana
	White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis
	Harris’s Sparrow Zonotrichia querula
N	White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys
	Golden-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia atricapilla
N	Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis
	McCown’s Longspur Calcarius mccownii	page 420
	Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus
	Smith’s Longspur Calcarius pictus – *PV	pages 421, H-33
	Chestnut-collared Longspur Calcarius ornatus	page 422
	Little Bunting Emberiza pusilla – *P	page 423
	Rustic Bunting Emberiza rustica – *P	page 423
	Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis – *	pages 424, H-34

Cardinalidae – Cardinals, Saltators, and Allies
n	Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis	page 427
n	Pyrrhuloxia Cardinalis sinuatus – *P	page 428
n†	Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus	page 430
N	Black-headed Grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus
N	Blue Grosbeak Passerina caerulea
N	Lazuli Bunting Passerina amoena
n	Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea	page 431
	Varied Bunting Passerina versicolor – *	page 433
	Painted Bunting Passerina ciris	pages 434, H-34
	Dickcissel Spiza americana	page 439

Icteridae – Blackbirds
nS	Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus
N	Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus
N	Tricolored Blackbird Agelaius tricolor
N	Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta
N	Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
	Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus– *	page 440
N	Brewer’s Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus
	Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula – *	pages 441, H-34
N	Great-tailed Grackle Quiscalus mexicanus
N	Bronzed Cowbird Molothrus aeneus
N	Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater
	Orchard Oriole Icterus spurius	page 444
N	Hooded Oriole Icterus cucullatus
	Streak-backed Oriole Icterus pustulatus – *	pages 445, H-34
N	Bullock’s Oriole Icterus bullockii
	Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula
N	Scott’s Oriole Icterus parisorum

Fringillidae – Fringilline and Cardueline Finches and Allies
	Brambling Fringilla montifringilla – *PV	page 446
N	Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch Leucosticte tephrocotis
	Black Rosy-Finch Leucosticte atrata – *	pages 446, H-34
N	Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator
N	Purple Finch Carpodacus purpureus
N	Cassin’s Finch Carpodacus cassinii
N	House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus
N	Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra
	White-winged Crossbill Loxia leucoptera – *S	page 447
	Common Redpoll Carduelis flammea – *	pages 448, H-34
N	Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus
N	Lesser Goldfinch Carduelis psaltria
N	Lawrence’s Goldfinch Carduelis lawrencei
N	American Goldfinch Carduelis tristis
N	Evening Grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus

Passeridae – Old World Sparrows
N	House Sparrow Passer domesticus – I